Renewable energy

WHAT IS ?                                

EFFECTIVELY USES NATURAL RESOURCES SUCH AS SUNLIGHT, WIND, RAIN, TIDES AND GEOTHERMAL HEAT, WHICH MAY BE NATURALLY REPLENISHED. TECHNOLOGIES RANGE FROM SOLAR POWER, WIND POWER, HYDROELECTRICITY/MICRO HYDRO, BIOMASS AND BIOFUELS FOR TRANSPORTATION.

IS RIGHT FOR ME?

HAS A BROAD-BASED APPEAL. THE END-LINE CONSUMER IS A HOMEOWNER, LANDLORD, RETAIL BUSINESS OWNER, FARMER, RANCHER, MANUFACTURER, SCHOOL, HOSPITAL, CHURCH, APARTMENT COMPLEX OWNER AND VIRTUALLY ANYONE WHO PAYS A UTILITY BILL.

YOUR MOTIVATION MAY BE TO SUPPLEMENT YOUR ENERGY NEEDS OR PROVIDE 100% OF THE POWER FOR YOUR LOCATION. YOU MAY BE LOOKING AT IT AS A WAY TO BECOME SELF-SUFFICIENT OR AS A -MAKER BY SELLING THE ENERGY YOU HAVE GENERATED TO TENANTS OR EVEN BACK TO THE UTILITY PROVIDERS THEMSELVES. YOUR GOAL MAY BE TO REDUCE YOUR CARBON FOOTPRINT ON THIS PLANET BY REDUCING EMISSIONS AND USE OR DEPENDENCY ON FOSSIL FUELS. NO MATTER WHAT YOUR NEEDS OR DESIRES ARE, WE HAVE THE SOLUTIONS FOR YOU.

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

A RECENT ASES (AMERICAN SOCIETY) REPORT STATED THAT IN THE U.S., 8 MILLION PEOPLE WERE EMPLOYED IN AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDUSTRIES IN 2006, AND $933 BILLION IN SALES WERE GENERATED, $100 BILLION IN PROFITS, AND $150 BILLION IN INCREASED FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT TAX REVENUES. THE REPORT FOUND 196,000 PEOPLE DIRECTLY EMPLOYED BY THE INDUSTRY, AS WELL AS 452,000 INDIRECT JOBS CREATED, AND REVENUES OF $39.2 BILLION IN 2006.
IN 2006, ABOUT 18 PERCENT OF GLOBAL FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION CAME FROM RENEWABLES, WITH 13% COMING FROM TRADITIONAL BIOMASS, LIKE WOOD-BURNING. HYDROPOWER WAS THE NEXT LARGEST RENEWABLE SOURCE, PROVIDING 3%, FOLLOWED BY HOT WATER/HEATING WHICH CONTRIBUTED 1.3%. MODERN TECHNOLOGIES, SUCH AS GEOTHERMAL, WIND, SOLAR, AND OCEAN ENERGY TOGETHER PROVIDED SOME 0.8% OF FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION. THE TECHNICAL POTENTIAL FOR THEIR USE IS VERY LARGE, EXCEEDING ALL OTHER READILY AVAILABLE SOURCES.

HAS A WORLDWIDE INSTALLED CAPACITY OF OVER 100 GW AND IS WIDELY USED IN SEVERAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND THE USA. THE MANUFACTURING OUTPUT OF THE SOLAR (PHOTOVOLTAICS) INDUSTRY REACHED MORE THAN 2,000 MW PER YEAR IN 2006. SOLAR THERMAL POWER STATIONS OPERATE IN THE USA AND SPAIN, AND THE LARGEST OF THESE IS THE 354 MW SEGS POWER PLANT IN THE MOJAVE DESERT. THE WORLD’S LARGEST GEOTHERMAL POWER INSTALLATION IS THE GEYSERS IN CALIFORNIA, WITH A RATED CAPACITY OF 750 MW.
WHILE THERE ARE MANY LARGE-SCALE PROJECTS, RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES ARE ALSO SUITED TO SMALL OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS, SOMETIMES IN RURAL AND REMOTE AREAS, WHERE ENERGY IS OFTEN CRUCIAL IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT.
CLIMATE CHANGE CONCERNS COUPLED WITH HIGH OIL PRICES, PEAK OIL AND INCREASING GOVERNMENT SUPPORT ARE DRIVING INCREASING LEGISLATION, INCENTIVES AND COMMERCIALIZATION.
INVESTMENT CAPITAL FLOWING INTO CLIMBED FROM $80 BILLION IN 2005 TO A RECORD $100 BILLION IN 2006. THIS LEVEL OF INVESTMENT COMBINED WITH CONTINUING DOUBLE DIGIT PERCENTAGE INCREASES EACH YEAR HAS MOVED WHAT ONCE WAS CONSIDERED ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TO MAINSTREAM. WIND WAS THE FIRST TO PROVIDE 1% OF ELECTRICITY, BUT SOLAR IS NOT FAR BEHIND. SOME VERY LARGE CORPORATIONS SUCH AS BP, GENERAL ELECTRIC, SHARP, AND ROYAL DUTCH SHELL ARE IN THE SECTOR.

TRENDS FAVORING

OTHER THAN MARKET FORCES, THE RENEWABLE INDUSTRY OFTEN NEEDS GOVERNMENT SPONSORSHIP TO HELP GENERATE ENOUGH MOMENTUM IN THE MARKET. MANY COUNTRIES AND STATES HAVE IMPLEMENTED INCENTIVES - LIKE GOVERNMENT TAX SUBSIDIES, PARTIAL COPAYMENT PROGRAMS AND VARIOUS REBATES OVER PURCHASE OF RENEWABLES - TO ENCOURAGE CONSUMERS TO SHIFT TO SOURCES. GOVERNMENT GRANTS FUND FOR RESEARCH IN RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGY TO MAKE THE PRODUCTION CHEAPER AND GENERATION MORE EFFICIENT.
DEVELOPMENT OF LOAN PROGRAMS THAT STIMULATE RENEWABLE FAVORING MARKET FORCES WITH ATTRACTIVE RETURN RATES, BUFFER INITIAL DEPLOYMENT COSTS AND ENTICE CONSUMERS TO CONSIDER AND PURCHASE RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGY.
MANY THINK-TANKS ARE WARNING THAT THE WORLD NEEDS AN URGENCY DRIVEN CONCERTED EFFORT TO CREATE A COMPETITIVE INFRASTRUCTURE AND MARKET. THE DEVELOPED WORLD CAN MAKE MORE RESEARCH INVESTMENTS TO FIND BETTER COST EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES. THE MARKET COULD INCREASE FAST ENOUGH TO REPLACE AND INITIATE THE DECLINE OF FOSSIL FUEL DOMINANCE AND THE WORLD COULD THEN AVERT THE LOOMING CLIMATE AND PEAK OIL CRISES.

MOST IMPORTANTLY, RENEWABLES ARE GAINING CREDENCE AMONG PRIVATE INVESTORS AS HAVING THE POTENTIAL TO GROW INTO THE NEXT BIG INDUSTRY. MANY COMPANIES AND VENTURE CAPITALISTS ARE IN PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVELOPMENT AND MANUFACTURING. THIS TREND IS PARTICULARLY VISIBLE IN THE UNITED STATES, EUROPE AND JAPAN.

MAIN RENEWABLE ENERGIES TECHNOLOGY

FLOWS INVOLVE NATURAL PHENOMENA SUCH AS SUNLIGHT, WIND, TIDES AND GEOTHERMAL HEAT, AS THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY EXPLAINS: “ IS DERIVED FROM NATURAL PROCESSES THAT ARE REPLENISHED CONSTANTLY. IN ITS VARIOUS FORMS, IT DERIVES DIRECTLY FROM THE SUN, OR FROM HEAT GENERATED DEEP WITHIN THE EARTH. INCLUDED IN THE DEFINITION IS ELECTRICITY AND HEAT GENERATED FROM SOLAR, WIND, OCEAN, HYDROPOWER, BIOMASS, GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES, AND BIOFUELS AND HYDROGEN DERIVED FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES.”   EACH OF THESE SOURCES HAS UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS WHICH INFLUENCE HOW AND WHERE THEY ARE USED.

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World economy

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For the company, see World Market.
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Economy of the World
During 2003 unless otherwise stated
Population (November 24, 2008): 6,739,067,924 ([1])
GDP (PPP): US$65 (2006 est.) ([2])
GDP (Currency): $46.66 (2006 est.)
GDP/capita (PPP): $9,774
GDP/capita (Currency): $7,178
Annual growth of
per capita GDP (PPP):		 5.1% (tty*), 2.1% (1950-2003)
People Paid Below $2 per day: 3.25 billion (~50%)
Millionaires (US$): ~9 million i.e. ~0.15% (2006)
Billionaires (US$): 1125 (2008)
Unemployment: 30% combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries. Developed countries typically 4-12% unemployment.
*Trailing-ten-years. Most numbers are from the UNDP from 2002, some numbers exclude certain countries for lack of information.
See also: Economy of the world - Economy of Africa - Economy of Asia - Economy of Europe - Economy of North America - Economy of Oceania - Economy of South America
edit

The world economy can be evaluated in various ways, depending on the model used, and this valuation can then be represented in various ways (for example, in 2006 US dollars). It is inseparable from the geography and ecology of Earth, and is therefore somewhat of a misnomer, since, while definitions and representations of the “world economy” vary widely, they must at a minimum exclude any consideration of resources or value based outside of the Earth. For example, while attempts could be made to calculate the value of currently unexploited mining opportunities in unclaimed territory in Antarctica, the same opportunities on Mars would not be considered a part of the world economy – even if currently exploited in some way – and could be considered of latent value only in the same way as uncreated intellectual property, such as a previously unconceived invention.
400 Years Ago, No World economy, Better times. 10,000 years ago, ice age and china comes to the land of “america” eveolves into mexicans/Native american indians and then they figure out after all that time that this land belongs to no one.

Burn Down Babylon

-Rev lu tion

Beyond the minimum standard of concerning value in production, use, and exchange on the planet Earth, definitions, representations, models, and valuations of the world economy vary widely.

It is common to limit questions of the world economy exclusively to human economic activity, and the world economy is typically judged in monetary terms, even in cases in which there is no efficient market to help valuate certain goods or services, or in cases in which a lack of independent research or government cooperation makes establishing figures difficult. Typical examples are illegal drugs and other black market goods, which by any standard are a part of the world economy, but for which there is by definition no legal market of any kind.

However, even in cases in which there is a clear and efficient market to establish a monetary value, economists do not typically use the current or official exchange rate to translate the monetary units of this market into a single unit for the world economy, since exchange rates typically do not closely reflect world-wide value, for example in cases where the volume or price of transactions is closely regulated by the government. Rather, market valuations in a local currency are typically translated to a single monetary unit using the idea of purchasing power. This is the method used below, which is used for estimating worldwide economic activity in terms of real US dollars. However, the world economy can be evaluated and expressed in many more ways. It is unclear, for example, how many of the world’s 6.6 billion people have most of their economic activity reflected in these valuations.

Contents

[hide]

[edit] Economy – overview

[edit] 2005–2006

Current account balance 2006[1]

Global output (gross world product) (GWP) rose by 4.4% in 2005, led by China (9.3%), India (7.6%), and Russia (5.9%). The other 14 successor nations of the USSR and the other old Warsaw Pact nations again experienced widely divergent growth rates; the three Baltic nations continued as strong performers, in the 7% range of growth.

Growth results posted by the major industrial countries varied from no gain for Italy to a strong gain by the United States (3.5%).

The developing nations also varied in their growth results, with many countries facing population increases that erode gains in output.

Externally, the nation-state, as a bedrock economic-political institution, is steadily losing control over international flows of people, goods, funds, and technology. Central governments are losing decision making powers and enhancing their international collective power thanks to strong economic bodies of which they democratically chose to become part, notably the EU. The introduction of the euro as the common currency of much of Western Europe in January 1999, while paving the way for an integrated economic powerhouse, poses economic risks because of varying levels of income and cultural and political differences among the participating nations.

Internally, the central government often finds its control over resources slipping as separatist regional movements - typically based on ethnicity - gain momentum, e.g., in many of the successor states of the former Soviet Union, in the former Yugoslavia, in India, in Iraq, in Indonesia, and in Canada.

[edit] 2008

In 2008 after vigorous growth which produced a dramatic increase in the price of commodities such as oil and basic foodstuffs, the international economy began to slow in many countries providing relief from high commodities prices and increasing inflation. It was the opinion of some observers that the world economy had become somewhat overheated and was retracting to a more sustainable pace.[2]

[edit] Statistical indicators

[edit] Economy

GDP (GWP) (gross world product): (purchasing power parity exchange rates) - $59.38 (2005 est.), $51.48 (2004), $49 (2002)

GDP (GWP) (gross world product) (IMF 179 countries [3]): (market exchange rates) - $43.92 (2005 est.), $40.12 (2004), $32.37 (2002)

GDP - real growth rate: 4.3% (2005 est.), 3.8% (2003), 2.7% (2001)

GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $9,300 (2005 est.), $8,200 (92) (2003), $7,900 (2002)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 4% industry: 32% services: 64% (2004 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): developed countries 1% to 4% typically; developing countries 5% to 60% typically; national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases, from declining prices in Japan to hyperinflation in several Third World countries (2003)

Derivatives outstanding notional amount: $273 (end of June 2004), $84 (end-June 1998) ([4])

Global debt issuance: $5.187 (2004), $4.938 (2003), $3.938 (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)

Global equity issuance: $505 billion (2004), $388 billion (2003), $319 billion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)

[edit] Employment

Unemployment rate: 30% combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%-12% unemployment[citation needed]

[edit] Industries

Industrial production growth rate: 3% (2002 est.)

[edit] Energy

Yearly electricity - production: 15,850,000 GWh (2003 est.), 14,850,000 GWh (2001 est.)

Yearly electricity - consumption: 14,280,000 GWh (2003 est.), 13,930,000 GWh (2001 est.)

Oil - production: 79.65 million bbl/day (2003 est.), 75.46 million barrel/day (12,000,000 m³/d) (2001)

Oil - consumption: 80.1 million bbl/day (2003 est.), 76.21 million barrel/day (12,120,000 m³/d) (2001)

Oil - proved reserves: 1.025 barrel (163 km³) (2001 est.)

Natural gas - production: 2,569 km³ (2001 est.)

- consumption: 2,556 km³ (2001 est.)

- proved reserves: 161,200 km³ (1 January 2002)

[edit] Cross-border

Yearly exports: $6.6 (f.o.b., 2002 est.)

Exports - commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services

Exports - partners: US 17.4%, Germany 7.6%, UK 5.4%, France 5.1%, Japan 4.8%, China 4% (2002)

Yearly imports: $6.6 (f.o.b., 2002 est.)

Imports - commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services

Imports - partners: US 11.2%, Germany 9.2%, China 7%, Japan 6.8%, France 4.7%, UK 4% (2002)

Debt - external: $2 for less developed countries (2002 est.)

[edit] Gift economy

Yearly economic aid - recipient: Official Development Assistance (ODA) $50 billion…

[edit] Communications

Telephones - main lines in use: 843,923,500 (2007)
4,263,367,600 (2008)

Telephones - mobile cellular: 3,300,000,000 (Nov. 2007)[3]

Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 10,350 (2000 est.)

Internet users: 1,311,050,595 (January 18, 2008 [5] est.), 1,091,730,861 (December 30, 2006 [6] est.), 604,111,719 (2002 est.)

[edit] Transport

Main article: Transport

[edit] Military

Military expenditures - dollar figure: aggregate real expenditure on arms worldwide in 1999 remained at approximately the 1998 level, about $750 billion, about 1/2 of which was the United States(1999)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP: roughly 2% of gross world product (1999).

[edit] References

  1. ^ Current account balance, U.S. dollars, Billions from IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2008
  2. ^ “U.S. and Global Economies Slipping in Unison” article by Peter S. Goodman in The New York Times August 23, 2008
  3. ^ global cellphone penetration reaches 50 percent

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_economy“